PORTAL. to more than 2. This site is FREE! Choose a subject below - Biology as a science deals with the origin, history. A study of biology includes the study of the. DNA. Other related sciences include microbiology and organic chemistry. See. Online. Biology Book" an excellent reference!! The main difference between a lifeless clump of chemicals, and a living life. Ebooks related to 'Williams Gynecology, Third Edition' : Applied Equine Nutrition and Training: Equine Nutrition and Training Conference (ENUTRACO) 2013 Small Animal. Learn and research biology, science, chemistry, biology, physics, math, astronomy, electronics, and much more. 101science.com is your scientific resource and. Top of page Abstract. The interface between assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and genetics comprises several sensitive and important issues that affect. The online version of Human Reproductive Biology by Richard E. Jones and Kristin H. Lopez on ScienceDirect.com, the world's leading platform for high quality peer. Study online flashcards and notes for Cliffs_AP_BIO_3rd_edition.pdf including CliffsAP® Biology 3RD EDITION by Phillip E. Pack CliffsAP® Biology 3RD EDITION by. Diya Uberoi and Maria de Bruyn. Health and Human Rights 15/1. Published June 2013. Abstract. States have a duty under international human rights law to protect people. Information and access to an. The word science comes from a Latin word scientica. Science is a process of systematically. That. vital information includes; how the basic elements are organized and how. We do not know all the "life". The three biological. Zygotic meiosis, Sporic meiosis, and Gametic meiosis,Amoeba. Amoebas. (and there are many different kinds) feed by phagocytosis (the engulfing and. Organism that eat other organisms are usually called "consumers". The amoeba's cell membrane. Amoeba image courtesy of. Bio. MEDIA. ASSOCIATES Famous scientist quote: "Those. Most Gracious Emperor Charles, find many. In the first place, no slight inconvenience results from too great separation. Andreas Vesalius (1. The Anatomy of the Human Body" published in. On- Line Biology Book: Table of. Contents. INTRODUCTION. THE NATURE OF SCIENCE AND BIOLOGY (REVISED 6/2. CHEMISTRY. I: ATOMS AND MOLECULES (REVISED 6/1. CHEMISTRY. II: WATER AND ORGANIC MOLECULES (REVISED 6/1. CELLS. I: ORIGINS (REVISED 6/1. CELLS. II: CELLULAR ORGANIZATION (REVISED 6/1. TRANSPORT. IN AND OUT OF CELLS (REVISED 6/2. CELL. DIVISION: BINARY FISSION AND MITOSIS (REVISED 6/2. CELL. DIVISION: MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION (REVISED 6/2. LAWS. OF THERMODYNAMICS (REVISED 6/2. REACTIONS. AND ENZYMES (REVISED 6/2. ATP. AND BIOLOGICAL ENERGY (REVISED 6/1. CELLULAR. METABOLISM AND FERMENTATION (REVISED 6/2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS (REVISED 6/2. INTRODUCTION. TO GENETICS (REVISED 6/2. GENE. INTERACTIONS (REVISED 6/2. DNA. AND MOLECULAR GENETICS (REVISED 6/2. HUMAN. GENETICS (REVISED 6/2. PROTEIN. SYNTHESIS (REVISED 6/2. CONTROL. OF GENE EXPRESSION (REVISED 6/2. PLANTS. AND THEIR STRUCTURE (REVISED 6/2. PLANTS. AND THEIR STRUCTURE II (REVISED 6/2. FLOWERING. PLANT REPRODUCTION: Flower Structure (REVISED 6/2. FLOWERING. PLANT REPRODUCTION: Fertilization and Fruits (REVISED 6/2. PLANT. HORMONES AND NUTRITION (REVISED 6/2. ANIMAL. CELLS AND TISSUES (REVISED 6/1. ANIMAL. ORGAN SYSTEMS AND HOMEOSTASIS (REVISED 6/1. THE. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (REVISED 6/2. THE. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (REVISED 6/1. LYMPHATIC. SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY (REVISED 6/2. THE. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (REVISED 6/1. THE. NERVOUS SYSTEM (REVISED 6/2. THE. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (REVISED 6/2. THE. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (REVISED 6/2. THE. MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS (REVISED 6/2. THE. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (REVISED 6/2. THE. EXCRETORY SYSTEM (REVISED 6/2. DEVELOPMENT. OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY (REVISED 6/2. THE. MODERN VIEW OF EVOLUTION (REVISED 8/8/0. PALEOBIOLOGY. FOSSILS AND TIME (NEW 9/2. PALEOBIOLOGY. THE PRECAMBRIAN: LIFE'S GENESIS AND SPREAD (NEW 9/2. PALEOBIOLOGY. THE EARLY PALEOZOIC (NEW 9/2. PALEOBIOLOGY. THE LATE PALEOZOIC (NEW 9/2. PALEOBIOLOGY. THE MESOZOIC, AGE OF CYCADS AND DINOSAURS (NEW 9/2. BIOLOGICAL. DIVERSITY: CLASSIFICATION (REVISED 6/2. BIOLOGICAL. DIVERSITY: VIRUSES (REVISED 6/1. BIOLOGICAL. DIVERSITY: BACTERIA AND ARCHAEANS (REVISED 6/1. BIOLOGICAL. DIVERSITY: PROTISTS: STEM EUKARYOTES (REVISED 6/1. BIOLOGICAL. DIVERSITY: FUNGI (REVISED 6/1. BIOLOGICAL. DIVERSITY: NONVASCULAR PLANTS AND NONSEED VASCULAR PLANTS (REVISED. BIOLOGICAL. DIVERSITY: SEED PLANTS (REVISED 6/1. BIOLOGICAL. DIVERSITY: ANIMALS I (REVISED 6/1. BIOLOGICAL. DIVERSITY: ANIMALS II (REVISED 6/1. BIOLOGICAL. DIVERSITY: ANIMALS III (REVISED 6/1. HUMAN. EVOLUTION (REVISED 6/2. POPULATION. ECOLOGY (REVISED 6/2. COMMUNITY. AND ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS (REVISED 6/1. THE. BIOSPHERE AND MASS EXTINCTIONS (REVISED 6/1. GLOSSARY (REVISED 8/8/0. DIVERSITY. IN BIOLOGY (REVISED 1. Biologists study life over a wide range of scales: at the atomic and molecular. Xenobiology (or exobiology, or astrobiology), a mostly speculative. Aerobiology - - Anatomy - - Astrobiology - - Biochemistry - - Bionics - - Biogeography - - Bioinformatics - - Biophysics- - Biotechnology - - Botany - - Cell. Chorology - - Cladistics - -Cryptozoology - - Cytology - - Developmental. Disease (Genetic. Infectious. diseases) - - Ecology (Theoretical. Symbiology, Autecology, Synecology)- - Ethology - -Entomology- - Evolution (Evolutionary biology) - - Evolutionary. Evo- devo" or Evolution of Development). Freshwater. biology - - Genetics (Population. Quantitative. genetics, Genomics, Proteomics). Histology - - Immunology - - Infectious. Pathology - - Epidemiology - - Limnology - - Marine. Microbiology (Bacteriology). Molecular. Biology - - Morphology - - Mycology / Lichenology - -- Myrmecology - -- Neuroscience (Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology, Systems. Biological. psychology, Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology, Behavioral. Neuroethology, Psychophysics, Computational. Cognitive. science)- - Oncology (the study of cancer) - - Ontogeny - - Paleontology (Palaeobotany, Palaezoology)- - Phycology (Algology) - - Phylogeny (Phylogenetics, Phylogeography). Physiology - - Phytopathology - - Structural. Taxonomy - - Toxicology (the study of poisons and pollution). Virology - - Xenobiology - - Zoology As you can see there are far more than 2. There are also several related disciplines. Medicine - - Physical. Biology encompasses a broad. Together, they study life over a wide range of scales: at the atomic and molecular. Earth. Famous. biologists - - History. Nobel. prize in physiology or medicine - - Timeline. Reference. source : http: //en. Biology Wikipedia. BIOLOGY Basic Topics: http: //en. Biology_basic_topics. FREE BIOLOGY VIDEOSDNAVariation in a Species. Chromosomes, Chromatids, Chromatin, etc. Mitosis, Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction. 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Tropomyosin and troponin and their role in regulating muscle contraction. Role of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Muscle Cells. Anatomy of a muscle cell. Role of Phagocytes in Innate or Nonspecific Immunity. Types of immune responses: Innate and Adaptive. Humoral vs. Cell- Mediated. B Lymphocytes (B cells)Professional Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) and MHC II complexes. Helper T Cells. Cytotoxic T Cells. Review of B cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. Inflammatory Response. The Kidney and Nephron. Secondary Active Transport in the Nephron. Parts. of an animal cell. MUST. SEE VIDEO!> Please. Science Store< Agriculture. Research Service. Biological. aide Ellie Giron (left) and ARS chemist Phyllis Johnson prepare a sample for. ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center in Grand Forks. North Dakota. Photo. Bruce Fritz Science in Your Shopping Cart - VIDEO What are some of the ways in which. Agricultural Research Service have made a. Select your Internet. 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See this and more at PBS. ORGBiology Online - Information in the life sciences in the form of tutorials, references, an online dictionary of biology terms and a biology forum. The scientific method consists of stating a problem. A good experiment has a large sample; it is controlled so. Scientific discovery is not always as. Sometimes new. knowledge comes simply from being in the right place at the right time or from. The opposite of the scientific. A hypothesis is a guess as to why. Observations lead to questions regarding the event. Why is. the sky blue? How does gravity affect falling objects? In attempting to answer a. Experiments, data gathering and. References for the Scientific Method: http: //teacher. Appendix. E/Appendix. E. html http: //biology. Physics. 7/Notes_www/node. Introduction. to the Scientific Method. The. scientific method. The. Scientific Methodsci. FAQ Scientific Method. EXPERIMENTAL. SCIENCE PROJECTS: An Intermediate Level Guide. Scientific. Method - Janice Van. Cleave's Science Fair Handbook .. The. Scientific Method. The. Myth of the Magical Scientific Method. The. Scientific Method - Living things are built almost entirely of organic. Water is vital to life because it forms the basis of many body. Water. Biology. H2. O - The Mystery, Art, and Science of Water: Biology and Water. Lesson. 1: The Properties of Water. Groundwater. Chemistry. Tutorialthe. title! European Journal of Human Genetics. European Journal of Human Genetics (2. Sirpa Soini. 1,2, Dolores Ibarreta†,3, Violetta Anastasiadou. Ségolène Aymé5, Suzanne Braga. Martina Cornel. 7, Domenico A Coviello. Gerry Evers- Kiebooms. Joep Geraedts. 10, Luca Gianaroli. Joyce Harper. 12, György Kosztolanyi. Kersti Lundin. 14, Emilio Rodrigues- Cerezo†,3, Karen Sermon. Jorge Sequeiros. 16, Lisbeth Tranebjaerg. Helena Kääriäinen. ESHG and ESHRE1. Top of page. Introduction. Nearly one million babies have been born worldwide as the result of assisted reproductive techniques (ART) since the birth of the first baby conceived using in vitro fertilisation (IVF) techniques in 1. Infertility is regarded as a health problem. Western countries. It is not, however, regarded as a public health issue in every country. The number of infertile couples is increasing, not least because of advanced maternal age. Also, the quality of gametes has deteriorated, for instance, owing to lifestyle habits and environmental factors. The goal of infertility services (counselling, diagnostics, treatments) is to help people with fertility problems or genetic conditions by finding solutions to their reproductive plans, for example, by ART, which is now important also for normally fertile couples whose children might inherit a serious genetic disease or even for those who wish to save a sibling's life. Counselling is an essential part of all the treatments. Genetic causes have a considerable involvement in infertility. Well- known examples are some chromosomal translocations or sex- chromosomal abnormalities and Y- chromosome deletions. Advanced maternal age has increased sporadic chromosomal anomalies with conception. Many of the reasons and their nature are, nevertheless, this far unknown. Genetic conditions may be transmitted to the offspring and hence create transgenerational infertility or other serious health problems. The use of donated gametes and embryos needs attention with respect of what genetic tests should be performed before their use. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), in most cases an analysis of the one or two biopsied cells of a 3- day- old embryo, was developed in 1. CF) or chromosomal abnormalities. Using PGD, unaffected embryos only can be selected for transfer before pregnancy starts and thus the need for a selective abortion after prenatal diagnosis (PND) can be avoided. There seems to be a general consensus among professionals that the use of PGD is acceptable for medical indications if a high risk of a serious genetic disorder exists. However, PGD has been used not only to diagnose and avoid genetic disorders but also to select for certain characteristics, such as matching tissue type to an existing sibling for therapeutic purpose. In addition, the demands to use PGD for fully nonmedical purposes are increasing (ie, sex selection of embryos solely for social or cultural reasons. This extended use of PGD is controversial. Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), previously also called 'aneuploidy screening', 'low- risk PGD' or 'PGD- AS', is performed for different indications than PGD by using different methods. PGS is carried out for infertile couples undergoing IVF in order to restrict from transfer those embryos clearly having numerical chromosomal abnormality, with a hope that it will improve poor pregnancy outcomes. Although the use of PGS is steadily increasing,7 the importance and place of this technique is still being debated. This discussion is particularly relevant where this genetic method is applied at IVF clinics without the necessary genetic expertise. PGD and PGS are still rather rare procedures owing to high technical demands, costs, relatively low pregnancy rates and strict licensing procedures in many countries. Very few studies have performed an integrated analysis of technological, patient- related, ethical and economic aspects of PGD and PGS1. In contrast to these hopeful improvements, there are a number of reports on adverse outcomes in children born as the result of ART. Numerically, multiple gestations are clearly the major risk to the future child's health. There is also a growing concern for structural anomalies and long- term health effects (eg, Bonduelle et al,1. Hansen et al. 13 and Klemetti et al. Several studies on the safety of the techniques have been published, but they have been short term or too small to give any certainty. However, large reviews of these studies suggest a slightly elevated risk of birth defects in children born following ART (eg, Hampton, 2. Whether this is related to the ART procedure as such, or the 'disease of infertility', is not known. Many of the new ART techniques, such as biopsy in PGD and PGS and microinjection in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) as well as culture media, are feared to be detrimental for the embryo development. The ART- related legal and ethical issues have been debated at many levels both nationally and internationally. The attitudes towards ART, PGD and PGS vary substantially not only in different parts of the world but also within Europe, owing to scientific, cultural and religious differences. Some techniques are wholly or partly prohibited by law or access to them is limited to married couples or only for specific medical indications. However, as infertility does not respect cultural or religious boundaries, where necessary, couples seek medical fertility treatments outside their own countries. Similarly, couples whose children are at risk of inheriting some severe genetic disease might go to a country where PGD is allowed. Additionally, crossborder transfer of gametes might be needed when treating couples from different ethnic background, and appropriate gametes cannot be found in the treating country. All this demands wider perspective when considering regulation and guidelines. Several of the existing or possible applications of ART, in particular PGD, are at the interface between reproductive medicine and clinical genetics. As ART was originally used to improve infertility treatments, it is now becoming used for genetic reasons. The development of reproductive sciences and genetics has given a new dimension to ART: as aptly stated in a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation's (UNESCO) report on PGD and Germ- Line Intervention of 2. IVF aims at having a child, PGD aims at having a healthy child and PGD/human leukocyte antigen (HLA) testing aims at having a healthy and helpful child'. The Public and Professional Policy Committee (PPPC) of the European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) found it necessary to create professional recommendations on how to use IVF techniques safely and reliably from the genetic point of view. It also held important to issue guidelines on acceptable (genetic) goals of IVF treatment and on how these expensive treatments should be prioritised in the European healthcare systems. Accordingly, the purpose of the present paper was to outline a framework for development of guidelines for the interface between genetics and ART. Top of page. Methodology. The approach to the topic needed collaboration with other groups involved, especially infertility and reproductive genetics professionals of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). In addition, collaboration with the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), one of the seven scientific institutes of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC), was considered as essential, because its mission is to provide European policy makers with technoeconomic analysis to support the policy- making process. The method used in creating this background document was at first to examine relevant articles and literature and to collect existing laws, practices and professional guidelines mainly from the European countries. The legal framework is presented in Appendix A. These documents were submitted for consultation to approximately 1. A group of 5. 0 experts representing the aforementioned different disciplines were later invited to Sevilla on March 3. April 1, 2. 00. 5 to discuss the issue further. The results of the Sevilla workshops have been adapted to this document. PPPC drafted the recommendations in collaboration with ESHRE and submitted them for acceptance by ESHG and ESHRE. The aim was to reach recommendations that both ESHG and ESHRE could adapt and convey to the professional societies. The recommendations will be published in European Journal of Human Genetics and in Human Reproduction. Top of page. Goals of services. Possible applications of ARTFertility treatment aims at achieving a successful pregnancy (=live birth of one healthy child) in the most natural way possible. Infertility has been described as 'a failure to conceive after at least one year of unprotected coitus'. The definition of the concepts of infertility, subfertility and sterility has however raised discussion. Subfertility means in general decreased fertility, whereas sterility means total infertility. The European Classification of Infertility Taskforce (ECIT) has been formed by ESHRE to develop a set of infertility- related codes (descriptions, interventions and outcomes) appropriate for computerisation (http: //www. ART is used also when a naturally conceived pregnancy might carry serious risks to the offspring. Factors critical to the success of the treatment are maternal age, embryo quality and number of embryos transferred. The older the woman, the lower is the success rate, the riskier is the pregnancy for both mother and child and the more likely the embryos are to contain sporadic chromosome anomalies. ART is applied to a variety of indications, most but not all of which are medical.
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